{"id":7767,"date":"2022-08-12T13:58:33","date_gmt":"2022-08-12T13:58:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/?p=7767"},"modified":"2022-08-20T14:58:08","modified_gmt":"2022-08-20T14:58:08","slug":"laws-of-motion-class-11-isc-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/laws-of-motion-class-11-isc-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Laws of Motion Class 11 ISC Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7767\" class=\"elementor elementor-7767\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7808a89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7808a89\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67abc27\" data-id=\"67abc27\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d19bd46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d19bd46\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-900b218\" data-id=\"900b218\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c080490 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c080490\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Laws of Motion<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-881ede8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"881ede8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\nbody.elementor-page .elementor-widget-menu-anchor{margin-bottom:0}<\/style>\t\t<div id=\"1\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ebfb0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ebfb0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif; color: #000080;\"><strong>Force<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46d7af7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46d7af7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>The concept of force gives us a quantitative description of the interaction between two bodies or between a body and its environment.<\/li><li>A force is a push or a pull.<\/li><li>It is a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction.<\/li><li>For example if a string is attached to one edge of a book and the string is pulled vertically. the book tilts about its opposite edge. But if the string is attached to the middle of the book and pulled vertically, no tilting takes place.<\/li><li>The following factors determine the effect that a force has no a body :<\/li><\/ul><ol><li>The magnitude of force applied<\/li><li>The direction in which force is applied<\/li><li>The point of application of force.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bfd0de elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3bfd0de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"2\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8100adf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8100adf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"margin-top: 2pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif; color: #000080;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">KINDS OF FORCES<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4026c10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4026c10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000080;\"><strong><em><u>Field force (F)<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Forces which act between the bodies when bodies are not in contact are called Field forces.<\/p><p>For this the body has to be present within a specific region of space around the other body. This region of space is called the \u2018field\u2019 of the other body.<\/p><p>For example gravitational force, electromagnetic force etc. are known as field forces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3793a5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3793a5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><em><u>Gravitational Force or Weight of the body:<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p>The force with which earth attracts a body towards its center, is called gravitational force on it or the weight of the body.<\/p><p>When the body is close to the surface of earth, the weight of the body acts at its center of gravity and its direction is vertically downward.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1cc6f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1cc6f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><em><u>Contact force (F)<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p>Forces which act when bodies are in contact are known as contact forces.<\/p><p>[It is usually convenient to resolve contact forces into components, one parallel to the surface of contact, the other perpendicular to the surface of contact.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde6403 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cde6403\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><em><u>Normal force or Normal Reaction (N)<\/u><\/em><\/strong><strong> :<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p>The component of the contact force that is perpendicular to the surface of contact is known as the Normal reaction force. It measures how strongly the surfaces in contact are pressed together.<\/p><p>Normal force is a self-adjusting force and its value depends upon other forces acting on the body.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f106efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f106efb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c02b1\" data-id=\"b2c02b1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50ccb62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"50ccb62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/1.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"normal force on horizontal support\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f2ef97\" data-id=\"5f2ef97\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c397f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9c397f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/2.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"Normal force on inclined support\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fb9d69\" data-id=\"8fb9d69\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8498cb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8498cb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/3.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"Normal force by vertical support\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fea5ac\" data-id=\"6fea5ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1eba57e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1eba57e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/4.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"Normal force by two supports\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfb12d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfb12d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Examples of Normal Forces in different situation.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6a94d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf6a94d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><em><u>Frictional Force (f) <\/u><\/em><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p>It is the component of the contact force parallel to the contact. The direction of the force of friction is opposite to the direction of relative motion between the surface, or is such as to oppose any tendency of relative motion between the surfaces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a9b575b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a9b575b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e7d3cd\" data-id=\"7e7d3cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-019d41a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"019d41a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/6.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ee3c1\" data-id=\"71ee3c1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-046e7ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"046e7ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/7.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9792ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9792ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Tension: (T)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1fe526 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1fe526\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3eefce1\" data-id=\"3eefce1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35cf09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35cf09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When a body is connected by means of string or a rope, a force may be exerted on the body by the string or the rope. This force is called tension.<\/p><ul><li>If a string is ideal (inextensible and massless), then the magnitude of the acceleration of any number of masses connected through this string is always same.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0569a90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0569a90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/8.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a95ed48\" data-id=\"a95ed48\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f27f2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2f27f2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/9.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c863ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c863ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>If a string a massless, the tension in it is same everywhere; on the other hand if a string is not massless (i.e. its mass is not negligible), tension at different points may be different.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4098007 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4098007\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9380bc\" data-id=\"d9380bc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e6191a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4e6191a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/10.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cab468b\" data-id=\"cab468b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-accda45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"accda45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/11.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-139ba3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"139ba3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>If friction is present between the pulley and the string, tension is different on the two sides of the pulley. But if the friction is absent between the pulley and the string, tension will be same on both sides of the pulley, provided the pulley is massless.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-576c19d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"576c19d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-abaa3bd\" data-id=\"abaa3bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57da8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a57da8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/12.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce85bd8\" data-id=\"ce85bd8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec56f50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ec56f50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/13.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1af2cc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1af2cc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><u>ELASTIC FORCE <\/u>(Spring Force, F<sub>S<\/sub> )<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p>An ideal spring follows Hooke\u2019s law which says that <em>\u201cthe force applied by a springs on bodies connected to it is proportional to its extension or compression (change in length from its natural length).\u201d<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b1b511 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b1b511\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-db94a17\" data-id=\"db94a17\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c2eac5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8c2eac5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/17.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d6f4070\" data-id=\"d6f4070\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-840febb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"840febb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Consider a light spring which is connected to a vertical wall as shown in the figure. Suppose that it is pulled to the right by means of a force F, which cause the spring to get elongated by x over its over its natural length, then for instantaneous rest, spring force F<sub>S <\/sub>\u00a0will be equal to applied force and in opposite direction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55e3cc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55e3cc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Then , \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">F<sub>S<\/sub> \u221d &#8211; x<\/span><\/p><p>Or\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>F<sub>S<\/sub> = &#8211; k x<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..[1]<\/strong><\/p><p>where k is a constant, known as the spring constant. Its value depends upon characteristic of the spring.<\/p><p>Also In this case, the force applied by the spring on the wall is also equal to F<sub>S<\/sub>.<\/p><p>i.e The force exerted by a light spring on bodies connected to it at opposite ends are equal and opposite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-51d9fa9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51d9fa9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2787117\" data-id=\"2787117\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-439f6e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"439f6e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Forces commonly used in mechanics (Video)<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a75cf4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"a75cf4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"3\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-494d725 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"494d725\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\">In Hindi + English Mix<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dfbe46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"3dfbe46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-video .elementor-widget-container{overflow:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;border:none;background-color:#000}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-open-inline .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-size:cover;background-position:50%}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{cursor:pointer;text-align:center}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay:hover .elementor-custom-embed-play i{opacity:1}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio);-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:center center;object-position:center center}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .e-hosted-video .elementor-video{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-video,.e-con>.elementor-widget-video{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/729498765?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adf0419 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"adf0419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"4\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-886946b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"886946b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif;\">ARISTOTLE\u2019S FALLACY<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6c8da1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6c8da1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Greek thinker, Aristotle (384 B.C\u2013 322 B.C.), held the view that if a body is moving, something external is required to keep it moving.<\/p><p>Aristotelian law of motion may be phrased thus: <strong>An external force is required to keep a body in motion.<\/strong><\/p><p>We will see later that Aristotelian law of motion is flawed. However, it is a natural view that anyone would hold from common experience. Even a small child playing with a simple (non-electric) toy-car on a floor knows intuitively that it needs to constantly drag the string attached to the toycar with some force to keep it going. If it releases the string, it comes to rest.<\/p><p>Then, what is the flaw in Aristotle\u2019s argument? The answer is: a moving toy car comes to rest because the external force of friction on the car by the floor opposes its motion. To counter this force, the child has to apply an external force on the car in the direction of motion. When the car is in uniform motion, there is no net external force acting on it: the force by the child cancels the force (friction) by the floor.<\/p><p>The opposing forces such as friction (solids) and viscous forces (for fluids) are always present in the natural world. This explains why forces by external agencies are necessary to overcome the frictional forces to keep bodies in uniform motion.<\/p><p><em><span style=\"color: #000080;\">So, Aristotle got the wrong conclusion because he failed to consider opposing forces like friction and viscous force.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6847ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"e6847ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"5\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d480ef1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d480ef1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong><u>FIRST LAW OF MOTION: (Newton\u2019s First Law)<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9540f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9540f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>\u201cA body cannot change its position of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless or until some unbalanced external force acts on it.\u201d <\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Thus according to this law, if the total external force on a body is zero, then either<\/p><p><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">(a) Velocity = 0, i.e. body remains at rest. Or<\/span><\/p><p>(b)\u00a0 Velocity = constant. This means<\/p><ol><li>The body can not change its speed.<\/li><li>The body can not change its direction of motion.<\/li><\/ol><p><em><strong>This inability on the part of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line by itself (without external force) is called <\/strong><strong>inertia.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p>Thus, inertia is a fundamental property of matter.<\/p><p><strong><em>Inertia of a body is measured by its <span style=\"color: #000080;\">mass.<\/span> More the mass of the body more is its inertia.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>NOTE: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4><ul><li>Force is such a factor, which is essential for change in translational motion of a body.<\/li><li>The first law of motion defines the force.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-554ba61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"554ba61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"6\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a36de6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a36de6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong><u>THREE TYPES Of INERTIA: <\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b89220b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b89220b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Inertia of rest.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><em><span style=\"color: #000080;\">&#8220;It is the property of a body due to which, it cannot change its state of rest by itself (unless some unbalanced external force is applied on it)&#8221;<\/span><\/em> . The following examples illustrate this property.<\/p><ol><li>When a horse suddenly starts galloping, the upper part of the rider&#8217;s body bends backwards. This is due to the reason that while the lower part of his body (in contact with the horse) moves forward, the upper part remains at rest due to inertia of rest.<\/li><li>Due to the same reason, a person falls backwards when a train or a car etc. suddenly starts.<\/li><li>When we beat a coat with a stick, the dust particles lying between the threads of the coat fall off. This is due to the reason that when the coat is suddenly set in motion. the dust particles tend to remain at rest due to the inertia of rest.<\/li><li>If we jerk a piece of paper kept under a book quick enough, the book does not move. This is on account of the fact that the motion of the piece of paper is so quick that it is not imparted to the book. On account of inertia of rest, the book does not move.<\/li><li>An apple falls down from the tree when its branch is shaken. This is due to the reason that when the tree-branch is shaken, it is set into motion whereas the apple tends to remain at rest due to inertia of rest. Due to this, the apple gets separated from the tree-branch and falls down due to gravity.<\/li><li>A simple experiment that can be performed in the laboratory to demonstrate the inertia of rest, consists in placing a smooth ball coin on a smooth card resting on a hollow cup. When stick strikes the card, it flies off. But due to inertia of rest, the ball tends to continue in its state of rest and falls into the cup.<\/li><li>Bodies of larger mass need larger initial effort for putting them into motion. It is on account of the fact that the bodies of large mass possess large inertia. Obviously, to put them into motion, large initial efforts are required.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a09eea6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a09eea6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Inertia of motion<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It is the tendency of a body to remain in a state of uniform motion in a straight line.<\/p><p><em><span style=\"color: #000080;\">&#8220;It is the property of a body due to which, it cannot change its speed by itself (unless some unbalanced external force is applied on it)&#8221;.<\/span><\/em> Following are the examples.<\/p><ol><li>When we are travelling in a bus, we possess inertia of motion. When the bus suddenly stops, the upper parts of our bodies continue to be in motion. But our feet come to rest along with the bus and as such we fall forward.<\/li><li>An athlete runs some distance before taking a jump. This is due to the reason that by running some distance before taking a jump, the athlete develops an inertia of motion. It is this inertia of motion which when added to the muscular effort, helps him to jump through a longer distance.<\/li><li>If a person alights from a moving train without precaution, he is thrown forward due to the inertia of motion.<\/li><li>When a horse at full gallop suddenly stops, the rider is thrown forward due to inertia of motion unless he is sitting on the horse very firmly.<\/li><li>A ball thrown vertically upward by a person in a uniformly moving train comes back to his hand. This is due to the reason that the ball acquires the horizontal motion of the train and maintains it due to inertia of motion. Thus, if during the time the ball remains in air, the motion of the train and the position of the hands do not change, the ball comes back into the hands.<\/li><li>It is due to the inertia of motion that a circus performer jumps up from the back of a running horse and after passing through a ring again comes back on the horse. Of course, during the time the performer is not on the horse, the direction and the speed of the horse should not change.<\/li><li>When we shake off a drop of ink from a pen or shake a thermometer to make the mercury come down, we use the inertia of motion of ink drop in the pen or the mercury in the capillary tube of the thermometer.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07bf9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07bf9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Inertia of direction or directional inertia<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><em> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0&#8220;It is that property on account of which a body cannot change its direction of motion by itself (unless some unbalanced external force is applied on it)&#8221;<\/em><\/span>. The following examples illustrate this property.<\/p><ol><li>When a vehicle is in motion, owing to the property of directional inertia, the mud sticking to its wheels flies off tangentially. In a vehicle, the mud-guards are so arranged that this flying mud, instead of spoiling the vehicle, sticks to them.<\/li><li>It is due to the property of directional inertia that a stone which is being whirled in a circle flies off tangentially when the string suddenly snaps. It is the tension in the string which provides the necessary force (centripetal) to keep the stone in the circular path.<\/li><li>When sharpening a knife, the sparks coming from the grindstone, fly off tangentially due to the property of directional inertia.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89c7b77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"89c7b77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"7\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f90bc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f90bc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><u>MOMENTUM <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p>Momentum of a body is defined to be the product of its mass m and velocity v, and is denoted by <strong>p<\/strong>.<span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"> Thus<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1621295 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1621295\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7de7533 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7de7533\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-62a9f4c\" data-id=\"62a9f4c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f07128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f07128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>p<\/strong> = m <strong>v<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<strong>[2]<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16e7bb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16e7bb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Momentum is clearly a vector quantity and its direction is same as the direction of motion of the body (velocity vector).<\/p><p>Thus from equation [2] we conclude that<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7702da9\" data-id=\"7702da9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b64e5d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b64e5d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/15.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5726072 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5726072\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Momentum of a body is directly proportional to velocity of the body. i.e. for a given mass higher the velocity more is it momentum.<\/li><li>Momentum of a body is directly proportional to mass of the body. i.e. if two bodies of different mass are moving with same velocity, the heavier body is having the higher momentum.<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>NOTE:<\/strong><\/span> We can get number of examples where we find that <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><em>\u2018to change the momentum of a body some external force is needed on it\u2019.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27b8f7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"27b8f7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"8\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ed270 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64ed270\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong><u>Newton&#8217;s Second Law<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bff065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bff065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Newtons-2nd-law_compressed.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\"  data-toolbar=\"bottom\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"off\">Newton&#039;s 2nd law_compressed<br\/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fd75cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3fd75cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"9\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fac6390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fac6390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong><u>Newton&#8217;s Third Law<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9db5eef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9db5eef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. Newton\u2019s law from an 1803 translation from Latin as Newton wrote<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cTo every action there is always opposed an equal and opposite reaction\u201d.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #000080;\"><strong>Important points about the Third Law <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-54c7846 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54c7846\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b0cb32\" data-id=\"5b0cb32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2c417f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f2c417f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/16.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e0f292\" data-id=\"3e0f292\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c79b2c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c79b2c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>The terms \u2018action\u2019 and \u2018reaction\u2019 in the Third Law mean nothing else but \u2018force\u2019. Thus a simple conclusion from the Third Law is that \u201cForces always occur in pairs\u201d.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4777417 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4777417\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If the force on a body A by B (<strong>F<sub>AB<\/sub><\/strong>) is called \u2018action\u2019 then the force on B by A (<strong>F<sub>BA<\/sub><\/strong>) can be called \u2018reaction\u2019, or vice-versa.<\/p><ul><li>The terms \u2018action\u2019 and \u2018reaction\u2019 in the Third Law may give a wrong impression that action comes before reaction i.e. action is the cause and reaction the effect. There is no such cause-effect relation implied in the Third Law. The force <strong>F<sub>BA<\/sub><\/strong> and the force <strong>F<sub>AB<\/sub><\/strong> act at the same instant. Any one of them may be called action and the other as reaction. As these forces are equal and opposite, we may write<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>F<sub>BA<\/sub><\/strong> = &#8211; <strong>F<sub>AB<\/sub><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong><em>Action and reaction forces act on different bodies and never act on the same body<\/em><\/strong>. Thus if we are considering the motion of any one body (A or B), only one of the two forces is relevant. It is an error to add up the two forces and claim that the net force is zero.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>NOTE:<\/strong> However, if you are considering the system of two bodies as a whole, <strong>F<\/strong>AB \u00a0(force on A due to B) and <strong>F<\/strong>BA\u00a0(force on B due to A) are internal forces of the system ( A + B). Then for the system, they add up to give a null force. (Since, <strong>F<sub>BA<\/sub><\/strong> = &#8211; <strong>F<sub>AB<\/sub> , <\/strong>we get<strong> F<sub>BA<\/sub><\/strong> + <strong>F<sub>AB<\/sub> = 0 <\/strong>)<\/p><p>Thus Internal forces in a body or a system of particles are canceled away in pairs. This is an important fact that enables the Second Law to be applicable to a body or a system of particles. [Principle of Conservation of Momentum]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fc98a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fc98a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d53ec63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d53ec63\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e1696d7\" data-id=\"e1696d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-276cee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"276cee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><span style=\"color: #000080; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Book kept on a table: <\/strong><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p>A book lying on a table exerts a force on the table which is equal to the weight of the book. This is the force of action. The table supports the book, by exerting an equal force on the book. This is the force of reaction, as shown in the figure. As the system is at rest, net force on it is zero. Therefore, forces of action and reaction must be equal and opposite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f7c4786\" data-id=\"f7c4786\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc8fd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6fc8fd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/24.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60978df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60978df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol start=\"2\"><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong> Walking:<\/strong><\/span> while walking a person presses the ground in the backward direction (action) by his feet. The ground pushes the person in forward direction with an equal force (reaction). The component of reaction in the horizontal direction makes the person move forward.<\/li><\/ol><ol start=\"3\"><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong> Swimming: <\/strong><\/span>A swimmer pushes the water backwards (action). The water pushed the swimmer forward (reaction) with the same force. Hence the swimmer swims.<\/li><\/ol><ol start=\"4\"><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong> Firing from a gun:<\/strong><\/span> When a gun is fired, the bullet moves forward (action). The gun recoils backwards (reaction).<\/li><\/ol><ol start=\"5\"><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong> Flight of jet planes and rockets:<\/strong><\/span> The burnt fuel which appears in the form of hot and highly compressed gases escapes through the nozzle (action) in the backward direction. The escaping gases push the jet plane or rocket forward (reaction) with the same force Hence the jet or rocket moves.<\/li><\/ol><ol start=\"6\"><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong> Rebounding of a rubber ball:<\/strong><\/span> When a rubber ball is struck against a wall or floor, it exerts a force on a wall (action). The ball rebounds with an equal force (reaction) exerted by the wall or floor on the ball.<\/li><\/ol><ol start=\"7\"><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>It is<\/strong><strong> difficult to walk on sand or ice: <\/strong><\/span>This is because on pushing, sand gets displaced and reaction from sandy ground is very little. In case of ice, force of reaction is again small because friction between feet and ice is very small.<\/li><\/ol><ol start=\"8\"><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong> Driving a nail into a wooden block without holding the block is difficult: <\/strong><\/span>This is because when the wooden block is not resting against a support, the block and nail both move forward on being hit with a hammer. However, when the block is held firmly against a support, and the nail is hit, an equal reaction of the support drives the nail into the block<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-90ca0f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90ca0f3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-80e536e\" data-id=\"80e536e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e92dcd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"e92dcd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"10\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ef596 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ef596\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Newton&#8217;s Laws Of Motion Video<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac8ddb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac8ddb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\">In Hindi + English Mix<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf3e6b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"cf3e6b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/729495737?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a649a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a649a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Horse and Cart Problem: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f448d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f448d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc07755\" data-id=\"cc07755\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a739ece elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a739ece\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/20.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8cc3f4\" data-id=\"c8cc3f4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49bbd44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49bbd44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The various forces acting on a system of horse and cart at rest are shown in the figure. Here, the weight (mg) of the cart C is balanced by the Normal forces (N<sub>1 <\/sub>and N<sub>2<\/sub>) of the ground on the wheels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcd6daf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcd6daf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The weight Mg of the horse H is balanced by the reaction R of the ground on the horse. The horse pulls the cart with a force T in the forward direction. The cart, in turn, pulls the horse with the same force T in the backward direction. These two forces are also balanced.<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 While pulling the cart, the horse pushes the ground backwards with its foot by a force F (not shown in Fig) inclined at an angle q with the horizontal. As a reaction, the ground exerts force R on the horse equal and opposite to F.<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R can be resolved into two rectangular components:<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R sin \u03b8 vertically upwards, and R cos \u03b8 along the horizontal<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The component R cos \u03b8 tends to move the cart forward. This motion is opposed by the force of friction f between the cart and the ground. <strong>The cart will move only when R cos \u03b8<\/strong><strong>\u00a0&gt; f.<\/strong> <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-585ae90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"585ae90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"11\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ba818 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74ba818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY Using NEWTON\u2019S LAWS<\/strong><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8d15e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8d15e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Newton\u2019s laws can be applied to study the motion of a body under the influence of a force or a set of forces. To make the study simpler, we take the each body (part of system) as separate identity. Then we show all the forces applied on the body (system) by surrounding bodies. The diagram showing all external forces acting on a body is called <strong>free body diagram. <\/strong>After representing the forces, the following steps may be adopted to study the motion of the body.<\/p><ol><li>Isolate the system and draw the forces acting on the system i.e. draw the free body diagram (F.B.D.).<\/li><li>Consider the origin of the forces acting on each object. To do this find out the field forces acting on the object. Where ever contact is available show the contact forces carefully.<\/li><li>With reference to direction of motion of the system, select suitable co-ordinate axes.<\/li><li>Draw the forces in the given problem, decide whether the system at all can accelerate or not.<\/li><li>If it accelerates, find its direction. Show the direction of acceleration with an arrow.<\/li><li>In case of a composite problem of a number of bodies connected by strings and pulleys, find the relationship of accelerations of different bodies by constraint relationship [discussed later].<\/li><li>Resolve all external forces along the chosen axes. Set up equation of motion along the individual axis as (S<sub>ext<\/sub>)<sub>x<\/sub> = <sub>x<\/sub> and (S<sub>ext<\/sub>)<sub>y<\/sub> = <sub>y<\/sub>. Finally, get the net acceleration as, <br \/>= <sub>x<\/sub> + <sub>y<\/sub>, i.e. a = with direction w.r.t. x-axis as\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u03b8 = tan<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><sup>1<\/sup> (a<sub>y<\/sub>\/a<sub>x<\/sub>).<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3dc2539 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3dc2539\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b19c711\" data-id=\"b19c711\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-597cd84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"597cd84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"12\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-732cdfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"732cdfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Numerical Problems on Newton&#8217;s Laws<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b4d510 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b4d510\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\">In Hindi + English Mix<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a11bb41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"a11bb41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/730384931?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e700fc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"e700fc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"13\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-517ac9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"517ac9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>MOTION IN A LIFT<\/strong><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8a714e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8a714e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Weight :\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p>The pull of earth on any body under its gravitational influence is called the weight of the body. \u00a0 This force is directed towards the centre of the earth. This force produces an acceleration on the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 body called the acceleration due to gravity.<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>If, W m is the mass of body, then the actual (true) weight of the body is<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 W= mg Newton, directed vertically downward.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058fff5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"058fff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Apparent Weight or Effective Weight of a body in a Lift:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3dc503 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3dc503\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The reading of a weighing machine or the force with which a body press the platform, on which it is kept, can be considered as the apparent weight or effective weight of the body.<\/p><p>When a man stands on a platform, it presses the platform with a force N downward. The force of same value is applied by the platform on the man in upward direction. This normal force is considered as the effective weigh or the apparent weight of the body. \u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0If a body is on an accelerated platform, the apparent weight of the body becomes different than the actual weight (mg) of the body.<\/p><p>\u00a0Let a man of weight W = mg be standing in a lift. We consider the following cases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-827078c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"827078c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Cases-of-Motion-in-a-Lift-1.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\"  data-toolbar=\"bottom\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"off\">Cases of Motion in a Lift-1<br\/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Cases-of-Motion-in-a-Lift-2.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\"  data-toolbar=\"bottom\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"off\">Cases of Motion in a Lift-2<br\/><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8577010 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"8577010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"14\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1e14630 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1e14630\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0a1e1ce\" data-id=\"0a1e1ce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeda38a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeda38a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Apparent Weight of a Body in a Lift<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a856d26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a856d26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14pt;\">In Hindi + English Mix<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d453a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"3d453a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/730380700?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laws of Motion Force The concept of force gives us a quantitative description of the interaction between two bodies or between a body and its environment. A force is a push or a pull. It is a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. For example if a string is attached to one edge &#8230; <a title=\"Laws of Motion Class 11 ISC Notes\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/laws-of-motion-class-11-isc-notes\/\" aria-label=\"More on Laws of Motion Class 11 ISC Notes\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[],"post_folder":[51],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7767"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7767"}],"version-history":[{"count":59,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8025,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7767\/revisions\/8025"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7767"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_folder?post=7767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}