11 Lecture Notes

Average velocity of gas molecules Root mean square speed. Relation between vrms and pressure. Numerical Problem. Relation between vrms and pressure. Numerical Problem. Average kinetic energy of gas molecules. Numerical Problem.

CONTENTS Numerical Problems on Carnot’s Heat Engine. Ideal Refrigerator Coefficient of Performance. Reversible heat engine has maximum efficiency.(Carnot’s Theorem)

Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases Derivation of Pressure of an Ideal Gas.

GAS LAWS Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Gay-Lussac Law Universal Gas Law Avogadro’s Law Determination of values of R and kB Numerical problems.

Doping – “The deliberate addition of impurity atom (3rd group or 5th group) element atoms into an otherwise pure Si or Ge crystal, to  increase its conductivity, is called doping”. The impurity atoms are called dopants. The material that is formed after doping is called a doped semiconductor or an extrinsic semiconductor. [The dopant has … Read more

A pure (99.9%) Si & Ge crystal is known as intrinsic semiconductors. In a Si crystal, every Si atom shares its four valence electrons with 4 neighboring atoms and thereby forms 4 covalent bonds. So at low temperature, every valence electrons present in the crystal is in the bond. In the equivalent band theory, these … Read more