{"id":364,"date":"2022-01-13T07:39:19","date_gmt":"2022-01-13T07:39:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/?p=364"},"modified":"2022-01-13T07:41:54","modified_gmt":"2022-01-13T07:41:54","slug":"polarisation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/polarisation\/","title":{"rendered":"POLARISATION"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"364\" class=\"elementor elementor-364\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f68cb0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f68cb0e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-efe4513\" data-id=\"efe4513\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e60e04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e60e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.6.8 - 27-07-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2>Contents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dac6261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dac6261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><a href=\"#unpolarisd-light\">Unpolarised Light<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#plane-polarised-light\">Plane Polarised Light<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#polaroid\">Polaroid<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#law-of-malus\">Law of Malus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#polaroid-as-analyser\">Polaroid as Analyser<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#polarisation-by-scattering\">Plarisation by Scattering<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#brewsters-law\">Polarisation by Reflection (Brewster&#8217;s Law)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#total-transmission\">A special case of Total Transmission<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69958d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69958d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Light waves are transverse in nature; i.e., the electric field associated with a propagating light wave is always at right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave. [Remember there can be infinite number directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-955baa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"955baa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.6.8 - 27-07-2022 *\/\nbody.elementor-page .elementor-widget-menu-anchor{margin-bottom:0}<\/style>\t\t<div id=\"unpolarisd-light\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9a6c88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b9a6c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Unpolarised light<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bcd416 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bcd416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A light beam in which the vibration of electric field vector take place randomly in every direction in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light, is known as unpolarised light.<\/p><p>So, in an unpolarised wave the displacement will be randomly changing with time though it will always be perpendicular to the direction of propagation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8dd1295 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8dd1295\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-af9e457\" data-id=\"af9e457\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03b92a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03b92a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" 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alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cdbe58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6cdbe58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Direction of propagation normal to plane of paper.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e87a550\" data-id=\"e87a550\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e13370c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e13370c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3428f67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3428f67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">The direction of propagation is in the plane of paper.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0febabb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0febabb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We know light is emitted by atoms. The light pulse emitted by one atom in a single event has a fixed direction of electric field. However, the light emitted by different atoms, in general, has electric fields in different directions. Hence, the resultant electric field at a point keeps on changing its direction randomly and rapidly. Such a light is called unpolarised light.<\/p><p>The light emitted by an ordinary source such as electric lamp, a mercury lamp, a candle, the sun, are unpolarised light.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae2eea elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"6ae2eea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"plane-polarised-light\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa08e13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa08e13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Plane Polarized light: \u00a0<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8882563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8882563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A light beam in which the vibration of electric field takes place in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation is known as plane polarized light.<\/p><p>In Fig Plane polarized light is shown as:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-bb81199 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bb81199\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1324b04\" data-id=\"1324b04\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38473b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38473b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\" 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alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"87\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fd2ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48fd2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">The direction of propagation is in the plane of paper<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c6e94b\" data-id=\"2c6e94b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd11cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cd11cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img 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\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0206982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0206982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Direction of propagation normal to plane of paper.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec877ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec877ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thus in a plane polarized light the electric field vectors of every light pulse lie in the same plane.<\/p><p>A plane polarized light can be generated by passing an unpolarised light through a polarizer (a polaroid, a Nicol prism or through some dichoric crystal, etc.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d85bd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d85bd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Plane of vibration<\/h4><p>An imaginary plane which contains the direction of propagation of the light beam &amp; the direction of vibration of electric field vector is known as plane of vibration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fcef71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fcef71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Plane of polarization<\/h4><p>\u00a0An imaginary plane, perpendicular to the plane of vibration and containing the direction of propagation of the plane polarized beam, is known as plane of polarization i.e., vibration of electric field vector takes place perpendicular to the plane of polarization.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca3c335 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca3c335\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>NOTE:<\/strong> When unpolarised light is passed through a polarizer, the intensity of transmitted light is ideally half of the intensity of the incident light.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d27d780 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d27d780\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"polaroid\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24ae647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24ae647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>POLAROID<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c8c5bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c8c5bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A polaroid consists<\/strong> of long chain molecules (quinine idosulphate) aligned in a particular direction. The electric vectors (associated with the propagating light wave) along the direction of the aligned molecules get absorbed. Thus, if an unpolarised light wave is incident on such a polaroid then the light wave will get linearly polarised with the electric vector oscillating along a direction perpendicular to the aligned molecules; this direction is known as the pass-axis (or transmission axis) of the polaroid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b64dae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b64dae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>When unpolarised light passes through the polaroid, the transmitted light light becomes plane polarized with electric field vector (E &#8211; vector) parallel to the pass axis of the polaroid. [Intensity of the transmitted light becomes half of the intensity of the incident light]<\/li><li><p>Polaroids can be used to control the intensity, in sunglasses, windowpanes, etc. Polaroids are also used in photographic cameras and 3D movie cameras.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bbfc25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7bbfc25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"law-of-malus\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03001a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03001a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Law of Malus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8f84d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8f84d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cWhen a plane polarized light is incident on a polaroid, Intensity of emergent beam coming out of it is directly proportional to the square of cosine of angle between the direction of vibration of incident plane polarized light &amp; axis of the polaroid (analyzer)\u201d. i.e.,<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf947ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf947ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>I <span style=\"font-family: symbol;\">\u221d<\/span> cos<sup>2<\/sup>\u03b8<\/h4><h4>or,<\/h4><h4>I = I<sub>0<\/sub> cos<sup>2<\/sup>\u03b8<\/h4><p>Where I<sub>0<\/sub> is the intensity of the incident beam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7710e60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7710e60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Proof of Law of Malus<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2826ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2826ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Let the amplitude of electric field of the incident beam is E<sub>0<\/sub>, then the intensity of incident beam.<\/p><p>I<sub>0<\/sub> = kE<sub>0<\/sub><sup>2<\/sup> &#8230;&#8230;\u2026\u2026\u2026..(1)\u00a0<\/p><p>If the axis of Polaroid makes angle <span style=\"font-family: symbol;\">q<\/span> with the direction of electric field, the amplitude of electric field vector that comes out the analyser is<\/p><p>E<sub>0<\/sub>\u2019 = E<sub>0<\/sub> cos \u03b8<\/p><p>Intensity of emergent beam is \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I = kE<sub>0<\/sub><sup>2 <\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0or\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I = kE<sub>0<\/sub>\u2019<sup>2<\/sup> cos<sup>2<\/sup><span style=\"font-family: symbol;\">\u03b8<\/span><\/p><p>or,<\/p><p><strong>I = I<sub>0<\/sub> cos<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: symbol;\"><strong>\u03b8<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u2026\u2026..(2)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-094d707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"094d707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>NOTE<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d562b0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d562b0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>If a plane polarized light is incident on a polaroid with E \u2013 vector parallel to the pass axis, the light is completely transmitted through the polaroid.<\/li><li>If a plane polarized light is incident on a polaroid with E \u2013 vector perpendicular to the pass axis, the light is completely transmitted through the polaroid.<\/li><li>If a plane polarized light is incident on a polaroid with E \u2013 vector (E<sub>0<\/sub>) making an angle \u03b8 with the pass axis, the light is partially transmitted through the polaroid. (I <span style=\"font-family: symbol;\">\u00b5<\/span> cos<sup>2<\/sup><span style=\"font-family: symbol;\">\u03b8)<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31867fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"31867fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"polaroid-as-analyser\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9463dce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9463dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Polaroid as Analyzer<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ba941d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ba941d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When a Polaroid is used to detect\u00a0 and study an incident light, it is called analyzer. To detect a plane polarized light the light is allowed to fall normally on the polaroid &amp; then it is rotated slowly about an axis normal to its plane and at the same time intensity of the emergent beam is observed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-337ff9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"337ff9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Case \u2013 1: Plane Polarized Light<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-088518e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"088518e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If the intensity of the emergent beam varies between 0 to a maximum, the incident\u00a0\u00a0 beam is a plane polarized light. The vibration of plane polarized light along the optic axis of the polarized in the position when the intensity of the emergent beam is maximum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b79e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2b79e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Case \u2013 2: Unpolarised Light<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bc4ef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5bc4ef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If the intensity of the emergent beam remains unchanged through out the whole\u00a0 rotation, the incident beam is unpolarised.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f6de5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f6de5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Case \u2013 3:\u00a0 Partially Plane Polarized<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50f15a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50f15a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The intensity of emergent beam various between maximum\u00a0 to a minimum but\u00a0 it never becomes zero.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc48018 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"dc48018\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"polarisation-by-scattering\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-240c6f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"240c6f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Polarisation by Scattering<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6241233 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6241233\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e541e1\" data-id=\"4e541e1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5d2273 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5d2273\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The light from a clear blue portion of the sky shows a rise and fall of intensity when viewed through a polaroid which is rotated. This is nothing but sunlight, which has changed its direction (having been scattered) on encountering the molecules of the earth\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f1e8ce1\" data-id=\"f1e8ce1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8406558 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8406558\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.6.8 - 27-07-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/31.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdb16f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdb16f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The incident sunlight is unpolarised. Under the influence of the electric field of the incident wave the electrons in the molecules acquire components of motion in both these directions. We have drawn an observer looking at 90\u00b0 to the direction of the sun. Clearly, charges accelerating parallel to the double arrows do not radiate energy towards this observer since their acceleration has no transverse component. The radiation scattered by the molecule is therefore represented by dots. It is polarised perpendicular to the plane of the figure. This explains the polarisation of scattered light from the sky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dafa64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"5dafa64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"brewsters-law\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46d2d3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46d2d3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Polarisation by Reflection<\/h2><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">(Brewster&#8217;s Law)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e4e024 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e4e024\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0aac2ce\" data-id=\"0aac2ce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83e3fd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83e3fd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When unpolarised light is incident on the boundary between two transparent media, the reflected light is polarised with its electric vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence when the refracted and reflected rays make a right angle with each other.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3bed216\" data-id=\"3bed216\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d42194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d42194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3439\" src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/32.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"248\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e9e9ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e9e9ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thus when reflected wave is perpendicular to the refracted wave, the reflected wave is a totally polarised wave. The angle of incidence in this case is called Brewster\u2019s angle and is denoted by i<sub>B<\/sub>. This angle also called polarising angle, i<sub>P<\/sub>.<\/p><p>Thus, for i = i<sub>B<\/sub><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee49cb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee49cb1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d987d69\" data-id=\"d987d69\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-534a1cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"534a1cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-3434\" src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/40.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"109\" height=\"62\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-191fd32\" data-id=\"191fd32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-151f66b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"151f66b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Or<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1541683\" data-id=\"1541683\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1719de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1719de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-3435\" src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/41.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"124\" height=\"67\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d4c019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d4c019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-3436 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/42-300x109.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"227\" height=\"82\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0Or\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3437\" src=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/isc-physics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/43.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"39\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7053e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7053e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>When unpolarised light is incident at on the surface of transparent medium at the Brewster angle, one of the two perpendicular components of the electric field is zero.<\/li><li>At other angles (i.e. when angle of incidence other than polarizing angle or Brewster\u2019s angle), the reflected light is <strong>partially polarised<\/strong>. When such light is viewed through a rotating analyser, one sees a maximum and a minimum of intensity but not complete darkness. In such light beam, although, both components are present but one component is stronger than the other.<\/li><li><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">In partially polarized light, there is no stable phase relationship between the two perpendicular components since these are derived from two perpendicular components of an unpolarised<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76eb8b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"76eb8b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"total-transmission\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26da82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a26da82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>A SPECIAL CASE OF TOTAL TRANSMISSION<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76b8a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76b8a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When an unpolarised beam of light is incident at the Brewster\u2019s angle on an interface of two media, only part of light with electric field vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence will be reflected. Now by using a good polariser, if we completely remove all the light with its electric vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence and let this light be incident on the surface of the transparent surface (say, prism) at Brewster\u2019s angle, we observe that for a this specific alignment of the polariser, the light incident on the transparent surface (prism) is completely transmitted and no light is reflected from the surface. We will then observe no reflection and there will be <strong>total transmission of light.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Contents Unpolarised Light Plane Polarised Light Polaroid Law of Malus Polaroid as Analyser Plarisation by Scattering Polarisation by Reflection (Brewster&#8217;s Law) A special case of Total Transmission Light waves are transverse in nature; i.e., the electric field associated with a propagating light wave is always at right angles to the direction of propagation of the &#8230; <a title=\"POLARISATION\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/polarisation\/\" aria-label=\"More on POLARISATION\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"post_folder":[7],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/364"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=364"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/364\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":369,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/364\/revisions\/369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=364"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physics.educour.in\/cbse-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_folder?post=364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}